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1 Background, Objectives,Scope,Constraints, Assumptions, Reporting, Dependencies, Estimates, Timescales
Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Background, Objectives,Scope,Constraints, Assumptions, Reporting, Dependencies, Estimates, Timescales
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2 Formal Language For Expressing Assumptions
Computers: FLEAУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > Formal Language For Expressing Assumptions
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3 допущение
•These are rough estimates and as such serve as initial assumptions for solving Eqs. (), (().
Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > допущение
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4 предположительный
1) General subject: assumptive, conjectural, estimated, hypothetic, impliable, implicit, presumable, presumptive (часто юридический термин), suppositional, supposititious, suppositive3) Psychology: postulatory4) Banking: tentative5) Sakhalin energy glossary: assumptions for6) Psychoanalysis: hypothetical -
5 рассмотрим гамильтониан (1) при дополнительных предположениях, что (...)
Mathematics: consider the Hamiltonian (1) with the additional assumptions for (...)Универсальный русско-английский словарь > рассмотрим гамильтониан (1) при дополнительных предположениях, что (...)
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6 рассмотрим гамильтониан при дополнительных предположениях, что
Универсальный русско-английский словарь > рассмотрим гамильтониан при дополнительных предположениях, что
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7 допущение
•These are rough estimates and as such serve as initial assumptions for solving Eqs. (), (().
* * *Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > допущение
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8 по разным причинам
•For a variety of reasons (or For various reasons), this involved a number of invalid assumptions.
Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > по разным причинам
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9 предположение относительно
•Assumptions of force constants for bond stretching can lead to...
Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > предположение относительно
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10 условие
(= ограничение, предположение, допущение) condition, term, hypotheses, predicate• Безусловно, необходимо найти условия, при которых... - It is, of course, necessary to determine conditions under which...• Более общие условия здесь обсуждаться не будут, однако мы можем сказать... - More general conditions will not be discussed here, but it may be said that...• Более того, существующие доказательства при некоторых дополнительных условиях... - Moreover, existing proofs under certain additional assumptions that...• В общем случае эти условия не могут удовлетворяться одновременно. - In general, these conditions cannot be simultaneously satisfied.• В условиях теоремы 3 нормирующий член N содержится в... - Under the circumstances of Proposition 3 the normalizer N is contained in the...• Геометрически это условие имеет следующий смысл. - Geometrically the condition has the following meaning.• Далее выведем необходимое условие существования... - Let us next deduce a necessary condition for the existence of...• Данное условие служит в качестве описания... - This condition serves as a description of...• Данное условие является достаточным. - The condition is sufficient.• Данное условие является необходимым. - The condition is necessary.• Если данное условие выполнено, то... - If this condition is fulfilled, then...• Если эти условия не удовлетворяются, то... - If these conditions are not satisfied, then...• Задавая соответствующие условия... - Given proper conditions,...• Замечательным является то, что эти необходимые условия одновременно служат достаточными. - The remarkable fact is that these necessary conditions are also sufficient.• Здесь мы наложили условия на... - Here we have imposed conditions on...• Из последнего условия вытекает, что... - Prom the latter condition it follows that...• Известно одно менее ограничительное достаточное условие. - A less restrictive sufficient condition is known.• Легко видеть, что это условие является необходимым. - It is easy to see that this condition is a necessary one.• Молено было бы и не сообщать, что все это справедливо при условии, что... - All this, needless to say, is based on the premise that...• Можно вывести очень простое условие того, что... - It is possible to derive a very simple condition that...• Можно показать, что они (условия) являются как достаточными, так и необходимыми. - It may be shown that they are sufficient as well as necessary.• Можно показать, что это эквивалентно условию, что... - This can be shown to be equivalent to the condition that...• Мы предполагаем, что это условие выполнено. - We assume this condition to be fulfilled.• Мы увидим, что эти условия могут быть выполнены при использовании... - We shall see that these conditions can be met using....• Нам необходимо еще одно условие, чтобы определить... - We need one more condition to determine...• Необходимое дополнительное условие доставляется (чем-л). - The required additional condition is provided by...• Обратно, это условие является достаточным. - Conversely, this condition is sufficient.• Один общий класс физически осмысленных условий дается соотношением (2.7). - A general class of physically meaningful conditions is given in (2.7).• Одним из способов удовлетворения этим условиям является... - One way of satisfying these conditions is to...• Оставшееся условие (3) говорит здесь... - The remaining condition (3) reads here....• Относительно доказательства при менее ограничительных условиях смотри работу Смита [1]. - For a proof under less restrictive conditions, see Smith [1].• Очевидно, что это эквивалентно условию, что... - This is evidently equivalent to the condition that...• Подобным образом мы можем установить условие для... - Similarly, we can establish the condition for...• Последнее (из двух) условие вызывает проблемы, потому что... - The latter condition raises problems, because...• Последнее условие влечет за собой... - The latter condition implies that...• Поэтому мы должны добавить ряд дополнительных условий. - Consequently we have to add a number of supplementary conditions.• При каких условиях он существует? - Under what circumstances does it exist?• При любых условиях важно, чтобы... - Whatever the conditions, it is vital that...• При определенных условиях ограничение f(x) ф О может быть опущено. - In certain cases the restriction f(x) ф 0 can be omitted.• При сформулированных условиях мы можем... - Under the conditions stated, we can...• При таких условиях невозможно определить... - Under such circumstances it is impossible to find...• При этих условиях возможно... - Under these circumstances, it is possible to...; Under such conditions, it is possible that...• При этих условиях легко видеть, что... - With these stipulations, it is easily seen that...• При этих условиях мы по-прежнему можем использовать... - Under these circumstances we may still use...• Приняв данное условие, мы можем... - Under this restriction, we can...• Решение может существовать только при выполнении следующих условий. - A solution can exist only under the following conditions.• Следовательно это необходимое условие для... - This is therefore a necessary condition for...• Следовательно, мы получили необходимое и достаточное условие для... - Thus we have a necessary and sufficient condition for...• Следовательно, условия теоремы 1 выполнены, и мы заключаем, что... - The conditions of Theorem 1 are therefore satisfied and we conclude that...• Следовательно, эти условия необходимы для равновесия. - Hence these conditions are necessary for equilibrium.• Следующая теорема дает условия, при которых... - The following theorem gives conditions under which...• Сначала мы установим необходимость этих условий. - We first establish the necessity of the condition.• Сформулируем это условие более точно. - We state this requirement more precisely as follows.• Также могут налагаться (и) дополнительные условия на. х и у. - There may also be further conditions on x and У-• Теперь дадим необходимое и достаточное условие того, что... - We now give a necessary and sufficient condition for...• Теперь можно записать условие равновесия. - The condition for equilibrium can now be written.• Условие а - b приблизительно выполнено в любой задаче, где... - The condition a = b is approximately satisfied in any problem where...• Условие (1) не является необходимым для... - Condition (1) is by no means a necessary one for...• Условие, которое называется..., вытекает из потери... - A condition called... results from a loss of...• Условия, наложенные на X, могли бы быть менее ограничительны. - The conditions on X could be less restrictive.• Цель этой заметки указать, что при некоторых условиях... - The purpose of this note is to point out that, in certain circumstances, the mean...• Чтобы поставить задачу однозначно, требуется дополнительное условие. - A further condition is required to specify the problem uniquely.• Эти условия удовлетворяются для большинства... - These conditions are satisfied for most...• Эти условия являются лишь достаточными для того, чтобы исключить... - These conditions are just sufficient for the elimination of...• Это могло бы быть легко показано с использованием условия, что... - This may be shown readily by employing the condition that...• Это необходимые условия для... - These are the necessary conditions for...• Это последнее условие не является необходимым, если... - This last proviso is not needed when...• Это те (самые) условия, которые должны быть выполнены, если... - These are the conditions which must be met if...• Это условие должно быть выполнено. - This requirement must be fulfilled.• Это условие может быть выражено как... - This condition can be expressed as...• Это условие может быть наиболее просто удовлетворено требованием, что... - This condition can be most easily satisfied by requiring that...• Это условие получается проверкой... - This condition is obtained by examining...• Это условие согласуется с... - This condition is consistent with...• Это эквивалентно условию, что... - This is equivalent to the requirement that... -
11 БИБЛИОГРАФИЯ
Мы приняли следующие сокращения для наиболее часто упоминаемых книг и журналов:IJP - International Journal of Psycho-analysisJAPA - Journal of the American Psychoanalytic AssociationSE - Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, ed. James Strachey (London: Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis, 1953—74.)PSOC - Psychoanalytic Study of the Child (New Haven: Yale University Press)PQ - Psychoanalytic QuarterlyWAF - The Writings of Anna Freud, ed. Anna Freud (New York: International Universities Press, 1966—74)PMC - Psychoanalysis The Major Concepts ed. Burness E. Moore and Bernard D. Fine (New Haven: Yale University Press)\О словаре: _about - Psychoanalytic Terms and Concepts\1. Abend, S. M. Identity. PMC. Forthcoming.2. Abend, S. M. (1974) Problems of identity. PQ, 43.3. Abend, S. M., Porder, M. S. & Willick, M. S. (1983) Borderline Patients. New York: Int. Univ. Press.4. Abraham, K. (1916) The first pregenital stage of libido. Selected Papers. London, Hogarth Press, 1948.5. Abraham, K. (1917) Ejaculatio praecox. In: selected Papers. New York Basic Books.6. Abraham, K. (1921) Contributions to the theory of the anal character. Selected Papers. New York: Basic Books, 1953.7. Abraham, K. (1924) A Short study of the development of the libido, viewed in the light of mental disorders. In: Selected Papers. London: Hogarth Press, 1927.8. Abraham, K. (1924) Manic-depressive states and the pre-genital levels of the libido. In: Selected Papers. London: Hogarth Press, 1949.9. Abraham, K. (1924) Selected Papers. London: Hogarth Press, 1948.10. Abraham, K. (1924) The influence of oral erotism on character formation. Ibid.11. Abraham, K. (1925) The history of an impostor in the light of psychoanalytic knowledge. In: Clinical Papers and Essays on Psychoanalysis. New York: Basic Books, 1955, vol. 2.12. Abrams, S. (1971) The psychoanalytic unconsciousness. In: The Unconscious Today, ed. M. Kanzer. New York: Int. Univ. Press.13. Abrams, S. (1981) Insight. PSOC, 36.14. Abse, D W. (1985) The depressive character In Depressive States and their Treatment, ed. V. Volkan New York: Jason Aronson.15. Abse, D. W. (1985) Hysteria and Related Mental Disorders. Bristol: John Wright.16. Ackner, B. (1954) Depersonalization. J. Ment. Sci., 100.17. Adler, A. (1924) Individual Psychology. New York: Harcourt, Brace.18. Akhtar, S. (1984) The syndrome of identity diffusion. Amer. J. Psychiat., 141.19. Alexander, F. (1950) Psychosomatic Medicine. New York: Norton.20. Allen, D. W. (1974) The Feat- of Looking. Charlottesvill, Va: Univ. Press of Virginia.21. Allen, D. W. (1980) Psychoanalytic treatment of the exhibitionist. In: Exhibitionist, Description, Assessment, and Treatment, ed. D. Cox. New York: Garland STPM Press.22. Allport, G. (1937) Personality. New York: Henry Holt.23. Almansi, R. J. (1960) The face-breast equation. JAPA, 6.24. Almansi, R. J. (1979) Scopophilia and object loss. PQ, 47.25. Altman, L. Z. (1969) The Dream in Psychoanalysis. New York: Int. Univ. Press.26. Altman, L. Z. (1977) Some vicissitudes of love. JAPA, 25.27. American Psychiatric Association. (1987) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3d ed. revised. Washington, D. C.28. Ansbacher, Z. & Ansbacher, R. (1956) The Individual Psychology of Alfred Adler. New York: Basic Books.29. Anthony, E. J. (1981) Shame, guilt, and the feminine self in psychoanalysis. In: Object and Self, ed. S. Tuttman, C. Kaye & M. Zimmerman. New York: Int. Univ. Press.30. Arlow. J. A. (1953) Masturbation and symptom formation. JAPA, 1.31. Arlow. J. A. (1959) The structure of the deja vu experience. JAPA, 7.32. Arlow. J. A. (1961) Ego psychology and the study of mythology. JAPA, 9.33. Arlow. J. A. (1963) Conflict, regression and symptom formation. IJP, 44.34. Arlow. J. A. (1966) Depersonalization and derealization. In: Psychoanalysis: A General Psychology, ed. R. M. Loewenstein, L. M. Newman, M. Schur & A. J. Solnit. New York: Int. Univ. Press.35. Arlow. J. A. (1969) Fantasy, memory and reality testing. PQ, 38.36. Arlow. J. A. (1969) Unconscious fantasy and disturbances of mental experience. PQ, 38.37. Arlow. J. A. (1970) The psychopathology of the psychoses. IJP, 51.38. Arlow. J. A. (1975) The structural hypothesis. PQ, 44.39. Arlow. J. A. (1977) Affects and the psychoanalytic situation. IJP, 58.40. Arlow. J. A. (1979) Metaphor and the psychoanalytic situation. PQ, 48.41. Arlow. J. A. (1979) The genesis of interpretation. JAPA, 27 (suppl.).42. Arlow. J. A. (1982) Problems of the superego concept. PSOC, 37.43. Arlow. J. A. (1984) Disturbances of the sense of time. PQ, 53.44. Arlow. J. A. (1985) Some technical problems of countertransference. PQ, 54.45. Arlow, J. A. & Brenner, C. (1963) Psychoanalytic Concepts and the Structural Theory, New York: Int. Univ. Press.46. Arlow, J. A. & Brenner, C. (1969) The psychopathology of the psychoses. IJP, 50.47. Asch, S. S. (1966) Depression. PSOC, 21.48. Asch, S. S. (1976) Varieties of negative therapeutic reactions and problems of technique. JAPA, 24.49. Atkins, N. (1970) The Oedipus myth. Adolescence, and the succession of generations. JAPA, 18.50. Atkinson, J. W. & Birch, D. (1970) The Dynamics of Action. New York: Wiley.51. Bachrach, H. M. & Leaff, L. A. (1978) Analyzability. JAPA, 26.52. Bacon, C. (1956) A developmental theory of female homosexuality. In: Perversions,ed, S. Lorand & M. Balint. New York: Gramercy.53. Bak, R. C. (1953) Fetishism. JAPA. 1.54. Bak, R. C. (1968) The phallic woman. PSOC, 23.55. Bak, R. C. & Stewart, W. A. (1974) Fetishism, transvestism, and voyeurism. An American Handbook of Psychiatry, ed. S. Arieti. New York: Basic Books, vol. 3.56. Balint, A. (1949) Love for mother and mother-love. IJP, 30.57. Balter, L., Lothane, Z. & Spencer, J. H. (1980) On the analyzing instrument, PQ, 49.58. Basch, M. F. (1973) Psychoanalysis and theory formation. Ann. Psychoanal., 1.59. Basch, M. F. (1976) The concept of affect. JAPA, 24.60. Basch, M. F. (1981) Selfobject disorders and psychoanalytic theory. JAPA, 29.61. Basch, M. F. (1983) Emphatic understanding. JAPA. 31.62. Balldry, F. Character. PMC. Forthcoming.63. Balldry, F. (1983) The evolution of the concept of character in Freud's writings. JAPA. 31.64. Begelman, D. A. (1971) Misnaming, metaphors, the medical model and some muddles. Psychiatry, 34.65. Behrends, R. S. & Blatt, E. J. (1985) Internalization and psychological development throughout the life cycle. PSOC, 40.66. Bell, A. (1961) Some observations on the role of the scrotal sac and testicles JAPA, 9.67. Benedeck, T. (1949) The psychosomatic implications of the primary unit. Amer. J. Orthopsychiat., 19.68. Beres, C. (1958) Vicissitudes of superego functions and superego precursors in childhood. FSOC, 13.69. Beres, D. Conflict. PMC. Forthcoming.70. Beres, D. (1956) Ego deviation and the concept of schizophrenia. PSOC, 11.71. Beres, D. (1960) Perception, imagination and reality. IJP, 41.72. Beres, D. (1960) The psychoanalytic psychology of imagination. JAPA, 8.73. Beres, D. & Joseph, E. D. (1965) Structure and function in psychoanalysis. IJP, 46.74. Beres, D. (1970) The concept of mental representation in psychoanalysis. IJP, 51.75. Berg, M D. (1977) The externalizing transference. IJP, 58.76. Bergeret, J. (1985) Reflection on the scientific responsi bilities of the International Psychoanalytical Association. Memorandum distributed at 34th IPA Congress, Humburg.77. Bergman, A. (1978) From mother to the world outside. In: Grolnick et. al. (1978).78. Bergmann, M. S. (1980) On the intrapsychic function of falling in love. PQ, 49.79. Berliner, B. (1966) Psychodynamics of the depressive character. Psychoanal. Forum, 1.80. Bernfeld, S. (1931) Zur Sublimierungslehre. Imago, 17.81. Bibring, E. (1937) On the theory of the therapeutic results of psychoanalysis. IJP, 18.82. Bibring, E. (1941) The conception of the repetition compulsion. PQ, 12.83. Bibring, E. (1953) The mechanism of depression. In: Affective Disorders, ed. P. Greenacre. New York: Int. Univ. Press.84. Bibring, E. (1954) Psychoanalysis and the dynamic psychotherapies. JAPA, 2.85. Binswanger, H. (1963) Positive aspects of the animus. Zьrich: Spring.86. Bion Francesca Abingdon: Fleetwood Press.87. Bion, W. R. (1952) Croup dynamics. IJP, 33.88. Bion, W. R. (1961) Experiences in Groups. London: Tavistock.89. Bion, W. R. (1962) A theory of thinking. IJP, 40.90. Bion, W. R. (1962) Learning from Experience. London: William Heinemann.91. Bion, W. R. (1963) Elements of Psychoanalysis. London: William Heinemann.92. Bion, W. R. (1965) Transformations. London: William Heinemann.93. Bion, W. R. (1970) Attention and Interpretation. London: Tavistock.94. Bion, W. R. (1985) All My Sins Remembered, ed. Francesca Bion. Adingdon: Fleetwood Press.95. Bird, B. (1972) Notes on transference. JAPA, 20.96. Blanck, G. & Blanck, R. (1974) Ego Psychology. New York: Columbia Univ. Press.97. Blatt, S. J. (1974) Levels of object representation in anaclitic and introjective depression. PSOC, 29.98. Blau, A. (1955) A unitary hypothesis of emotion. PQ, 24.99. Bleuler, E. (1911) Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias. New York: Int. Univ. Press, 1951.100. Blos, P. (1954) Prolonged adolescence. Amer. J. Orthopsychiat., 24.101. Blos, P. (1962) On Adolescence. New York: Free Press.102. Blos, P. (1972) The epigenesia of the adult neurosis. 27.103. Blos, P. (1979) Modification in the traditional psychoanalytic theory of adolescent development. Adolescent Psychiat., 8.104. Blos, P. (1984) Son and father. JAPA_. 32.105. Blum, G. S. (1963) Prepuberty and adolescence, In Studies ed. R. E. Grinder. New York: McMillan.106. Blum, H. P. Symbolism. FMC. Forthcoming.107. Blum, H. P. (1976) Female Psychology. JAPA, 24 (suppl.).108. Blum, H. P. (1976) Masochism, the ego ideal and the psychology of women. JAPA, 24 (suppl.).109. Blum, H. P. (1980) The value of reconstruction in adult psychoanalysis. IJP, 61.110. Blum, H. P. (1981) Forbidden quest and the analytic ideal. PQ, 50.111. Blum, H. P. (1983) Defense and resistance. Foreword. JAFA, 31.112. Blum, H. P., Kramer, Y., Richards, A. K. & Richards, A. D., eds. (1988) Fantasy, Myth and Reality: Essays in Honor of Jacob A. Arlow. Madison, Conn.: Int. Univ. Press.113. Boehm, F. (1930) The femininity-complex In men. IJP,11.114. Boesky, D. Structural theory. PMC. Forthcoming.115. Boesky, D. (1973) Deja raconte as a screen defense. PQ, 42.116. Boesky, D. (1982) Acting out. IJP, 63.117. Boesky, D. (1986) Questions about Sublimation In Psychoanalysis the Science of Mental Conflict, ed. A. D. Richards & M. S. Willick. Hillsdale, N. J.: Analytic Press.118. Bornstein, B. (1935) Phobia in a 2 1/2-year-old child. PQ, 4.119. Bornstein, B. (1951) On latency. PSOC, 6.120. Bornstein, M., ed. (1983) Values and neutrality in psychoanalysis. Psychoanal. Inquiry, 3.121. Bowlby, J. (1960) Grief and morning in infancy and early childhood. PSOC. 15.122. Bowlby, J. (1961) Process of mourning. IJP. 42.123. Bowlby, J. (1980) Attachment and Loss, vol. 3. New York: Basic Books.124. Bradlow, P. A. (1973) Depersonalization, ego splitting, non-human fantasy and shame. IJP, 54.125. Brazelton, T. B., Kozlowsky, B. & Main, M. (1974) The early motherinfant interaction. In: The Effect of the Infant on Its Caregiver, ed. M. Lewis & L. Rosenblum New York Wiley.126. Brenner, C. (1957) The nature and development of the concept of repression in Freud's writings. PSOC, 12.127. Brenner, C. (1959) The masochistic character. JAPA, 7.128. Brenner, C. (1973) An Elementary Textbook of Psycho-analysis. New York Int. Univ. Press.129. Brenner, C. (1974) On the nature and development of affects PQ, 43.130. Brenner, C. (1976) Psychoanalytic Technique and Psychic Conflict. New York: Int. Univ. Press.131. Brenner, C. (1979) The Mind in Conflict. New York: Int. Univ. 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PSOC, 27.145. Call, J. ed. (1979) Basic Handbook of Child Psychiatry. New York: Basic Books.146. Carroll, G. (1956) Language, Thought and Reality. Cambridge & London: M. I. T. Press & John Wiley.147. Cavenar, J. O. & Nash, J. L. (1976) The effects of Combat on the normal personality. Comprehensive Psychiat., 17.148. Chassequet-Smirgel, J. (1978) Reflections on the connection between perversion and sadism. IJP, 59.149. Chomsky, N. (1978) Language and unconscious knowledge. In: Psychoanalysis and Language, ed. J. H. Smith. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, vol. 3.150. Clower, V. (1975) Significance of masturbation in female sexual development and function. In: Masturbation from Infancy to Senescence, ed. I. Marcus & J. Francis. New York: Int. Uni" Press.151. Coen, S. J. & Bradlow, P. A. (1982) Twin transference as a compromise formation. JAPA, 30.152. Compton, A. Object and relationships. PMC. Forthcoming.153. Cullen, W. (1777) First Lines of the Practice of Psysic. 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12 обоснование
(= оправдание, см. также обосновывать) proof, basis, ground, justification, verification• Для... не существует экспериментального обоснования. - There is no experimental foundation for...• Может быть лишь слабое научное или практическое обоснование для... - There can be little scientific or practical justification for...• Мы дадим обоснование (= вывод, доказательство)... - We shall prove...; We shall establish...• Обоснование данного предположения затрагивает теорию... - The justification of this assumption involves the theory of...• Обоснование для этих предположений находится единственно в... - The justification of these assumptions lies solely in...• Обоснование этого (факта и т. п.) будет ясно из дальнейшего. - The reason for this will soon be clear.• Обоснованием для этой схемы решения служит то, что... - The justification for this solution scheme is that...• Подобное (утверждение и т. п.) невозможно принять без дальнейшего обоснования. - One cannot, without further justification, accept such a...• Теперь мы можем дать обоснование обычной практике... - We can now justify the usual practice of...• Формальное обоснование того факта, что граничные условия... - The formal foundation of the fact that the boundary conditions are...• Это дает некоторое обоснование для использования соотношения (3.2). - This gives some justification for using (2.3).• Это само по себе является достаточным обоснованием, чтобы... - This in itself appears to be sufficient justification for... -
13 использовать
. воспользоваться; максимально использовать; можно использовать; наиболее эффективно использовать; пользоваться; применять; широко использовать•Advantage is taken of this fact in some turbojet engines.
•Unique processes and equipment have been successfully applied in the mining and refining of potash salts.
•The great majority of amplifiers are electronic and depend (or rely) upon transistors and chips for their operation.
•These projects can draw on the data from five tests.
•The new relay employs three sets of contacts.
•To harness atomic energy for peaceful uses,...
•This reaction may be harnessed to perform work.
•The power unit makes use of a standard electric starter.
•These vehicles rely on ambient air as a source of oxygen.
•This nonreciprocity has as yet not been turned to useful account in antennas.
•At present, these laboratories are being utilized to test timbers.
•Such high precision makes it possible to employ (or use, or utilize) laser radiation as a primary standard of length and time.
•With electricity farmers could run useful devices of all kinds.
•This offers the possibility of putting hydrides to work in heat pumps.
•These techniques take advantage of the laser's high spectral intensity.
•Lasers are exploited to heat plasmas with short pulses of light.
•Double-break or multibreak devices can exploit this effect even at higher voltages.
•The author's suggestions were picked up by the Japanese who ran some preliminary tests on eleven pure elements.
•The steam from a dry field can be put to use() other than power production.
•The newest accelerators exploit the same fundamental principles as the first ones.
•Simplifying assumptions have been invoked to separate the two processes for individual study.
•If this natural gas can be tapped, there would be a tremendous source of fuel.
II•When all the even (or odd) integers are used up, there will still be half the series...
* * *Использовать -- to use, to utilize, to apply, to employ, to exploit; to make use of; to draw on (с оттенком заимствования); to rely on (полагаться на)Under these circumstances, we can employ the data from this experiment to establish limits for heat fluxes.These diffusers exploit the centrifugal forces acting on a swirling throughflow to enhance mixing and combustion.Each engine will be provided with a control unit which makes use of modern electronic techniques (... в котором используется...).Two independent methods were applied to eliminate any possible error in fringe order determination.The work of L. [...] was drawn on for the design of turbine blades.However, the theoretical magnitude is far from correct and we must rely on experimental values for the coefficient C.Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > использовать
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14 важный
(см. также важнейший, важность, решающий) important, essential, of importance, significant, main• Безусловно, имеется важная связь между... - There is indeed a close connection between...• Безусловно, наиболее важным среди них является... - Certainly the most important among these is...• В качестве практически важного примера рассмотрим... - As an example of practical importance we consider...• Важное преимущество такой переформулировки состоит в том, что... - An important advantage of this reformulation is that...• Важным и одновременно интересным является то, что... - It is interesting and important to notice that...• Для наших целей эти детали не являются важными. - For our purposes the details are not important.• Другим важным замечанием является то, что... - Another important remark is that...• Другой важный пример этого принципа встречается, когда... - Another important example of this principle occurs when...• Еще одна важная характеристика - это... - A further important characteristic is that...• Здесь мы уже сделали два важных предположения. - Here we have made two important assumptions.• Здесь появляется важный момент. - An important point arises here.• Значительно более важным для наших целей является... - Far more important for our purposes is...• Из теоремы 1 мы легко выводим ряд важных следствий. - From Theorem l we easily deduce a number of important consequences.• Имеется жизненно важное различие между... - There is a vitally important distinction between...• Имеются два важных отличия. - There are two important distinctions.• Информация в данной статье жизненно важна в вопросах эффективности... - The information in this paper is vital to the effectiveness of...• Итак, мы приходим к важному заключению, что... - We thus come to the important conclusion that...• Между... нет важного различия. - There is no appreciable difference between...• Мы можем сформулировать два важных заключения. - We may draw two important conclusions.• Наиболее важным случаем является тот, в котором... - The most important case is that in which...• Наиболее важным является тот факт, что... - Most important is the fact that...• Наиболее важными результатами являются результаты, касающиеся (= связанные с)... - The most important results are those concerning...• Необходимо заметить, что в той же мере важным является тот факт, что... - But equally important, one should notice, is the fact that...• Однако более важным было наблюдение, что... - More significant; however, was the observation that...• Однако в не меньшей степени важным является предположение, что... - Equally important, however, is the assumption that...• Однако важное исключение из этого (правила и т. п.) предоставляется (чем-л). - However, an important exception to this is provided by...• Однако здесь важным моментом является то, что... - But the important point here is that...• Однако значительно более важное замечание состоит в том, что... - However, a considerably more important observation is that...• Однако наиболее важным из всех требований является надежность. - But the most important requirement of all is reliability.• Однако наиболее важным наблюдением является то, что... - The most important observation, however, is that...• Однако существуют важные специальные случаи, когда... - There are, however, important special cases when...• Одним (таким) важным приложением является следующее. - One important application is the following.• Одним важным вопросом является вопрос, действительно ли... - One important question is whether...• Одно приложение данного принципа является особенно важным. - One application of this principle is especially important.• Особенно важным для наших целей является случай... - Particularly important for our purposes is the case of...• Остается один важный момент, который следует упомянуть. - One important point remains to be mentioned.• Сделаем теперь три важных замечания. - Three important remarks are in order.• Сейчас мы введем одно из самых важных (определений, понятий и т. п.)... - We now introduce one of the most important...• Следующий очень важный результат является основой для... - The following very important result is the basis for...• Следующим важным открытием было то, что... - A further important discovery was that...• Существенно более важным случаем является тот, когда... - By far the most important case is that in which...• Тем не менее, зависимость переменной Р от Q чрезвычайно важна. - Nevertheless, the dependence of P on Q is very important.• Теперь мы доказываем важную теорему, принадлежащую Банаху. - We now prove an important theorem due to Banach.• Физически эта ситуация не очень важна, поскольку... - Physically this situation is not very important, since...• Эта статья является важной для всех, кто работает в области... - This paper is important to all those working in the field of...• Эта статья является важной по трем причинам. - This paper is important for three reasons.• Эта статья является важной, поскольку она... - This paper is important because it...• Эта статья является решающей для показа... - This paper is crucial in demonstrating... '• Эти важные результаты имели далеко идущие последствия. - The results were of far reaching importance.• Это важная модификация, потому что... - This is an important modification, because...• Это важный результат. Он показывает, что... - This is an important result. It says that...• Это неоценимое (= чрезвычайно важное) орудие при изучении... - It is an indispensable tool in the study of...• Это означает, что... является весьма важным/важной. - This means that considerable importance is attached to...• Это оказывается важным наблюдением, потому что... - This happens to be an important observation, because...• Это очень важный момент. - This is a very important point.• Это практически важный случай, потому что... - This is an important case in practice because...• Это приводит нас к важному свойству... - This leads us to an important property of...• Это решающе важная концепция, так как... - This is a crucially important concept since...• Это чрезвычайно важный результат, поскольку он позволяет нам... - This is an exceedingly important result, as it enables us to...• Этот метод анализа особенно важен, потому что... - This method of analysis is particularly important because... -
15 относительно
relatively, about, with respect to, relating to, concerning, relative to, over, as regard to, as, with reference to• Во многих ситуациях относительно легко (вычислить и т. п.)... - In many situations it is relatively easy to...• До сих пор мы не делали предположений относительно... - So far we have made no assumptions regarding...• Здесь можно было бы сделать (небольшое) замечание относительно... - A remark may be made here about...• К несчастью, относительно этого (= об этом) мы не можем сказать практически ничего. - Unfortunately, very little can be said along these lines.• Кажется, было относительно немного исследований... - There seem to have been relatively few investigations of...• Мы заканчиваем этот параграф несколькими замечаниями относительно... - We will end this section with a few comments regarding...• Мы не будем долго распространяться относительно... - We shall not dwell upon the...• Мы рассматриваем относительно простую ситуацию, в которой... - We consider a relatively simple situation in which...• Немногое известно относительно роли... — Little is known about the role of...• Относительно... здесь не делается никаких предположений. - No assumption is made here about...• Относительно... известно не слишком много. - Not very much is known about...• Относительно... необходимо сделать пояснение. - A word of explanation is necessary with regard to...• Относительно более исчерпывающего обсуждения (вопроса и т. п.) читатель отсылается к... - For a more exhaustive treatment, the reader is referred to...• Относительно более полного описания предмета см. Найквист [1]. - For a fuller treatment of this subject, see Nyquist [1].• Относительно доказательства при менее жестких ограничивающих условиях смотри работу Смита [1]. - For a proof under less restrictive conditions, see Smith [1].• Относительно нетрудно (установить и т. п.)... - It is a comparatively simple matter to...• Относительно полученных скоростей при... сказано было немного. - Little has been said as to speeds obtained in...• Относительно приведенного выше соотношения (2) можно сделать несколько замечаний. - A few remarks may be made in connection with (2) above.• Относительно современной разработкой является... - A relatively modern development is the...• Относительно строгого вывода соотношения (12) читатель должен обратиться к работе Смита [1]. - For a rigorous derivation of (12) the reader is referred to Smith [1].• Очень мало (что) известно относительно... - Very-little is known about...• Очень мало что известно относительно данных объектов. (= Сведения относительно данных объектов очень скудны. ) - Very little is known about these objects.• По этой причине желательно иметь информацию относительно... - For this reason it is desirable to have information about...• Позднее нам будут необходимы несколько фактов относительно... - Later on we shall need certain facts about...• Рассмотрим некоторые важные сведения относительно (= о)... - Let us review some important facts regarding...• Следовательно, мы обязаны помнить относительно (= о) возможности... - We must keep in mind, therefore, the possibility of...• Сначала мы приведем некоторый дополнительный материал относительно... - We begin with some additional material relating to...• Сформулируем без доказательства следующую теорему относительно... - We state without proof the following theorem concerning...• Теперь мы приведем некоторые экспериментальные данные относительно... - We shall now give some experimental data concerning...• Теперь становится относительно простым... - It is now a relatively simple matter to...• То лее самое может быть сказано относительно... - The same things can be said about...• Часть этой знаменитой работы относительно... была выполнена Брэмблом. - Some of the most famous work on... was performed by Bramble.• Это уже дает некоторую информацию относительно... - This already gives some information about...• Этот результат не зависит ни от каких предположений относительно... - This result is independent of any assumption about... -
16 теория
theory, hypothesis• Адекватные экспериментальные подтверждения данной теории отсутствуют. - Adequate empirical support for the theory is lacking.• Большая часть данной теории может быть развита в терминах... - A large part of the theory can be developed in terms of...• Было выдвинуто много теорий, чтобы объяснить... - Many theories have been advanced to explain...• В данной главе мы разовьем теорию... - In this chapter we shall develop the theory of...• В данной книге описывается современная теория... - This book describes the modern theory of...• В данной приближенной теории предполагается, что... - In the approximate theory it is assumed that...• В настоящий момент не существует полностью удовлетворительной теории... - Currently there is no completely satisfactory theory of...• Все эти теории имеют общей идею, что... - These theories have in common the idea that...• Д-р Смит был основным разработчиком теории... - Dr. Smith has been a key contributor to the theory of...• Данная теория могла бы соответственно основываться на... - The theory could accordingly be based on...• Данная теория недостаточно разработана, чтобы разрешить... - This theory is not sufficiently advanced to permit...• Данная теория также объясняет тот факт, что... - This theory also explains the fact that...• (Действительно) последовательная теория должна учитывать (эффект и т. п.). - A comprehensive theory must account for...• Детальная теория показывает, что... - Detailed theory shows that...• Другим недостатком данной теории является то, что... - The other disadvantage of the theory is that...• Если эта теория верна, то... - If this theory is correct, then...• К сожалению, как мы увидим, данная теория не предсказывает... - Unfortunately, as we shall see, the theory does not predict...• Каждая из этих теорий включает в себя предположения относительно... - Each of these theories involves assumptions about...• Мы могли бы продолжить развитие теории... - We could go on to develop a theory of...• Наиболее широко принятые современные теории утверждают, что... - The most widely accepted modern theories suggest that...• Наилучшим образом проблема исследуется с использованием теории... - The problem is best approached through the theory of...• Не было разработано никакой теории, чтобы анализировать... - No theory has been developed to analyze...• Обширная часть теории была разработана для... - A vast amount of theory has been developed for...• Одна простая теория может использоваться для... - A simple theory can be used to...• Одна теория предлагает... - One theory suggests that...• Однако данная теория по-прежнему имеет два дефекта. - The theory still suffered from two defects, however.• Однако окончательные результаты теории не могут зависеть от... - But the final results of the theory must not depend on...• Однако, во-первых, нам необходимо изучить общую теорию... - First, however, we need to study the general theory of...• Одним из таких орудий является классическая теория (чего-л). - One such tool is the classical theory of...• Перед тем, как оставить общую теорию, было бы желательно... - Before leaving the general theory it may be desirable to...• Предыдущая теория легко иллюстрируется (посредством)... - The above theory is easily illustrated by means of...• Приведенная выше теория не предсказывает хорошо известный результат, что... - The theory given above does not predict the well-known result that...• Приложения данной теории играют жизненно важную роль в... - The applications of this theory play a vital role in...• Применение данной теории к частным случаям требует... - The application of the theory to particular cases requires...• Работая независимо, Смит [1] развил теорию... - Smith [1], working independently, developed the theory of...• Развивая данную теорию, мы будем существенно использовать... - In developing the theory we shall make considerable use of...• Развитие подобной теории началось в ранних 1980-х годах работой Смита[1]. - The development of such a theory began in the early 1980s with the work of Smith [1].• Развитие этой теории в огромной степени облегчается... - The development of this theory is greatly facilitated by...• Следовательно, мы обязаны попытаться развить теорию, которая приводит к... - Hence, we must try to develop a theory that leads to...• Согласно теории электромагнетизма... - According to electromagnetic theory,...• Существуют несколько способов дать введение в теорию... - There are several ways of introducing the theory of...• Такое согласие между теорией и экспериментом вполне удовлетворительно в свете... - The agreement between theory and experiment is quite good in view of..'.• Теперь мы приходим к теории... - We now come to the theory of...• Подходящая теория может быть развита при использовании... - A satisfactory theory can be developed using...• Чтобы получить удовлетворительную теорию, мы обязаны... - То obtain a satisfactory theory it is necessary to...• Чтобы отдать предпочтение одной из двух теорий,... - То decide between the two theories...• Эта теория может также объяснить... - This theory may also account for...• Эти трудности мотивировали формулировку приближенных теорий для описания... - These complications have motivated the formulation of approximate theories to describe...• Эти уравнения положены в основу теории... - These equations form the basis of the theory of...• Это находится в соответствии с теорией... - This is in accordance with the theory of...• Эту сложную теорию трудна объяснить в простых терминах. - This theory is difficult to comprehend in simple terms.• Эту теорию можно использовать только когда... - This theory is applicable only when...• Явное расхождение между теорией и практикой может быть устранено, если... - The apparent discrepancy between theory and practice can be resolved if...• Яркой чертой данной теории является то, что... - A salient feature of the theory is that... -
17 Определенные артикли перед существительными, которые снабжены ссылками
The differential problem (1) can be reduced to the form (2)The asymptotic formula (1) follows from the above lemmaThe differential equation (1) can be solved numericallyWhat is needed in the final result is a simple bound on quantities of the form (1)The inequality (1) (артикль можно опустить) shows that $a>b$The bound (estimate) (2) is not quite as good as the bound (estimate) (1)If the norm of $A$ satisfies the restriction (1), then by the estimate (2) this term is less than unitySince the spectral radius of $A$ belongs to the region (1), this iterative method converges for any initial guessesThe array (1) is called the matrix representing the linear transformation of $f$It should be noted that the approximate inequality (1) bounds only the absolute error in $x$The inequality (1) shows that...The second step in our analysis is to substitute the forms (1) and (2) into this equation and simplify it by dropping higher-order termsFor small $ze$ the approximation (1) is very good indeedA matrix of the form (1), in which some eigenvalue appears in more than one block, is called a derogatory matrixThe relation between limits and norms is suggested by the equivalence (1)For this reason the matrix norm (1) is seldom encountered in the literatureTo establish the inequality (1) from the definition (2)Our conclusion agrees with the estimate (1)The characterization is established in almost the same way as the results of Theorem 1, except that the relations (1) and (2) take place in the eigenvalue-eigenvector relation...This vector satisfies the differential equation (1)The Euclidean vector norm (2) satisfies the properties (1)The bound (1) ensures only that these elements are small compared with the largest element of $A$There is some terminology associated with the system (1) and the matrix equation (2)A unique solution expressible in the form (1) restricts the dimensions of $A$The factorization (1) is called the $LU$-factorizationIt is very uncommon for the condition (1) to be violatedThe relation (1) guarantees that the computed solution gives very small residualThis conclusion follows from the assumptions (1) and (2)The factor (1) introduced in relation (2) is now equal to 2The inequalities (1) are still adequateWe use this result without explicitly referring to the restriction (1)Русско-английский словарь по прикладной математике и механике > Определенные артикли перед существительными, которые снабжены ссылками
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18 использовать
. воспользоваться; максимально использовать; можно использовать; наиболее эффективно использовать; пользоваться; применять; широко использовать•Advantage is taken of this fact in some turbojet engines.
•Unique processes and equipment have been successfully applied in the mining and refining of potash salts.
•The great majority of amplifiers are electronic and depend (or rely) upon transistors and chips for their operation.
•These projects can draw on the data from five tests.
•The new relay employs three sets of contacts.
•To harness atomic energy for peaceful uses,...
•This reaction may be harnessed to perform work.
•The power unit makes use of a standard electric starter.
•These vehicles rely on ambient air as a source of oxygen.
•This nonreciprocity has as yet not been turned to useful account in antennas.
•At present, these laboratories are being utilized to test timbers.
•Such high precision makes it possible to employ (or use, or utilize) laser radiation as a primary standard of length and time.
•With electricity farmers could run useful devices of all kinds.
•This offers the possibility of putting hydrides to work in heat pumps.
•These techniques take advantage of the laser's high spectral intensity.
•Lasers are exploited to heat plasmas with short pulses of light.
•Double-break or multibreak devices can exploit this effect even at higher voltages.
•The author's suggestions were picked up by the Japanese who ran some preliminary tests on eleven pure elements.
•The steam from a dry field can be put to use() other than power production.
•The newest accelerators exploit the same fundamental principles as the first ones.
•Simplifying assumptions have been invoked to separate the two processes for individual study.
•If this natural gas can be tapped, there would be a tremendous source of fuel.
II•When all the even (or odd) integers are used up, there will still be half the series...
Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > использовать
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19 вводить
(= ввести, см. также введенный) introduce, input• В этом случае можно ввести (= определить)... - For this case we may define...• Введем теперь новые переменные х, у, z, заданные соотношениями... - Let us now introduce new variables x, y, z, given by...• Далее, введем (следующее) обозначение... - Further, we introduce the notation...• Для этого удобно ввести некоторые обозначения. - For this it is convenient to introduce some notation.• Если мы введем новую переменную х, то сможем избежать... - If we introduce a new variable x, we can avoid...• Итак, мы вводим новую переменную т, определяемую соотношением... - We therefore introduce a new variable т defined by...• Мы вводим несколько тождеств, которые будут использованы повсюду в тексте. - We introduce several identities that will be used throughout the text.• Мы могли бы точно так же ввести... - We could just as well introduce...• Мы можем использовать этот результат, чтобы ввести... - We can use this result to define...• Необходимо ввести концепцию... - It is necessary to introduce the concept of...• Было найдено, что удобно ввести... - It is found convenient to introduce...• Однако мы никогда не вводили никаких предположений относительно... - At no time, however, have we made any assumptions regarding...• Однако это может быть сделано довольно просто, если мы введем... - It can be done rather easily, however, if we introduce...• Они ввели простое предположение, что... - They made the simple assumption that...• Перед тем как продолжить (изучение... и т. п.), нам необходимо ввести еще одно определение. - We need one more definition before proceeding with...• Подобным образом мы вводим (= определяем)... - Likewise, we define...• Сейчас мы введем одно из самых важных (определений, понятий и т. п.)... - We now introduce one of the most important...• Следующий способ является наилучшим для того, чтобы ввести необходимую терминологию. - The best way to introduce the necessary terminology is as follows.• Сначала мы должны ввести некоторые обозначения. - First we must introduce some notation.• Теперь введем переменную Г, определенную (следующим соотношением и т. п.)... - Now introduce a quantity T defined by...• Теперь желательно ввести... - It is desirable at this stage to introduce...• Теперь мы введем (= определим) несколько других... - We now define several other...• Теперь мы готовы ввести основное определение. - We are now ready for a basic definition.• Чтобы привести уравнение (1) к стандартному виду, мы введем... - То convert Eq. (1) to a standard form, we define...• Чтобы прояснить ситуацию, мы вводим... - То clarify the situation we introduce...• Чтобы упростить исследование, мы теперь введем... - То simplify the treatment we shall now introduce...• Это вынуждает нас ввести... - This leads us to introduce... -
20 каждый
every, each, apiece• В каждом из этих примеров рассматривается... - Each of these examples is concerned with...• Для каждого с < 0 мы можем... - For every с < 0, we can... (= For arbitrary с < 0, we can... )• Каждая (= любая, всякая) непрерывная функция достигает своего максимального значения на компакте. - Each continuous function has a maximum on a compact set.• Каждая из этих теорий включает в себя предположения относительно... - Each of these theories involves assumptions about...• Каждому известно, что... (= Широко известно, что... ) - Everyone knows that...• Каждый знаком с... - Everyone is familiar with...• Каждый из нас должен сам найти ответ на этот вопрос... - Each of us must determine the answer for himself...• Следовательно, в каждом (отдельном) из этих случаев необходимо... - In each of these cases, therefore, it is necessary to...• Это устройство может использоваться каждый раз, когда... - This device can be employed whenever...
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